Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are activated at inflammation process and produce inflammatory cytokines, which may impair the function of nerve cells causing cell death. After infection several molecular and cellular events play role in stimulating initial acute inflammation, which leads to the accumulation of leukocytes and plasma proteins induced by cytokines derived from protector cells like dendritic, mast, endothelial cells and macrophages. They possess both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, therefore they can provide an effective treatment against infections. The volatile essential oils can easily reach the upper and lower parts of the respiratory tract via inhalation. The composition of essential oils is variable and the physiological action and organoleptic characteristic is dominated by the major constituent defined by chemotype. They have a complex mode of action due to their multiple composition. Because of their antimicrobial activities, the application of the essential oils is widespread. Among them essential oils enjoy popularity, which are commonly used nowadays in cosmetics, health care, traditional medicine and food industry. Today there is an increasing demand for the use of natural ingredients and their derivatives in the treatment of different health problems. Thyme essential oils are good candidates to use in prevention of neuroinflammation and related neurodegeneration, but the exact ratio of the components has to be selected carefully. Main compounds could be seen to have large inhibitory effects on certain cell signalling components related to the activation of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. At the essential oil pretreatment experiment, the effect of linalool and geraniol was outstanding but there was no major difference between the actions of chemotypes and standards. In addition, the main compounds exerted better effects than essential oil chemotypes in case of LPS pretreatment. Considering the changes of IL-6 and TNFα secretions the best reduction of inflammatory cytokines could be reached by the pretreatment with the essential oils. Our results showed definite alterations in the effects of essential oil chemotypes and their main compounds at the different experimental setups. The concentrations of the secreted tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) proinflammatory cytokines were measured and we analysed by Western blot the activity of the cell signalling pathways, NF-κB and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) regulating TNFα and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokine expressions in BV-2 cells. Three different experimental setups were used, LPS pretreatment, essential oil pretreatment and co-treatments of LPS and essential oils in order to determine whether essential oils are able to prevent inflammation and can decrease it. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of three chemotypes of thyme essential oil and their main compounds (geraniol, thujanol and linalool) were examined on lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglia. Some plant-derived bioactive molecules have been shown to have role in attenuating neuroinflammation by regulating microglia, the immune cells of the CNS. Neuroinflammation is responsible for several diseases of the central nervous system. Essential oils are widely used as supportive ingredients in many diseases, especially in the acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract. The essential oils possess both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, therefore they can provide an effective treatment against infections.
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